Currently more than 25 states have P4P programs with their health plans or primary care case management (PCCM) programs.
[T]here is growing involvement of state Medicaid agencies in provider incentive programs.
In 2006, with funding from The Commonwealth Fund and additional support from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the Center for Health Care Strategies (CHCS) launched the Pay-for-Performance Purchasing Institute to help state Medicaid agencies design provider incentive programs.
Seven states — Arizona, Connecticut, Idaho, Ohio, Massachusetts, Missouri, and West Virginia — worked with CHCS to develop and test physician-level financial and non-financial incentives, choose performance measures, engage providers effectively, and increase alignment across incentive programs.
[E]arly P4P programs tended to focus on measures specific to services that mothers and children typically received, such as prenatal care visits, well-child checkups, and immunizations.
As of July 2006, 28 state Medicaid agencies operated P4P programs, and half of those programs were operating for five or more years.
Again, the majority of these programs were at the health plan level, followed by those targeting primary care case management (PCCM) programs, nursing homes, hospitals, behavioral health care providers, and lastly, individual physicians.